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Materials Guide
Stainless Steel · Carbon Steel · Alloy Steel · Special Alloys
Complete technical guide to fastener materials - stainless steel grades, carbon steel, alloy steel, and special alloys. Find the right fastener material for your industrial application with HITECH Fastener.
Fastener Materials Guide – Choosing the Right Material for Your Application
Fastener materials play a critical role in determining the performance, durability, and safety of bolted joints. The right fastener material selection ensures optimal strength, corrosion resistance, and service life in any application.
At HITECH Fastener, we manufacture fasteners from a wide range of fastener materials including stainless steel fasteners, carbon steel fasteners, alloy steel fasteners, and special alloys. Each fastener material is carefully selected based on application requirements such as load, temperature, environment, and industry standards.
This comprehensive fastener materials guide covers the key properties, applications, and standards for each fastener material type, helping you make informed decisions for your projects.
Key Factors in Fastener Material Selection
- Strength requirements — tensile, yield, and fatigue
- Corrosion resistance — environmental exposure
- Temperature range — high or low service temperatures
- Industry standards — ASTM, ISO, DIN compliance
- Cost considerations — material and manufacturing
- Availability — standard vs. custom grades
Fastener Materials – Comprehensive Grade Guide
Complete overview of fastener materials including stainless steel fasteners, carbon steel fasteners, alloy steel fasteners, and special alloys.
Stainless Steel
Austenitic & Martensitic Grades
Carbon Steel
Low & Medium Carbon Grades
Alloy Steel
High-Strength & Heat-Treated
Duplex / Super Duplex
High Corrosion & Strength
Nickel Alloys
Monel, Inconel, Hastelloy
Non-Ferrous
Brass, Copper, Aluminium
International Standards for Fastener Materials
All fastener materials are manufactured in compliance with ASTM, DIN, ISO, and ASME standards.
American Standards
German Standards
International Standards
Pressure Vessel Codes
Chemical Composition of Fastener Materials
All values in weight percentage (%). Data sourced from ASTM/EN material datasheets for fastener materials.
| Material | C % Max | Mn % Max | Cr % | Ni % | Mo % | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon Steel 8.8 | 0.40 | 1.00 | — | — | — | — |
| Alloy Steel 10.9 | 0.45 | 0.90 | 0.90 | — | — | Cr-Mo |
| Alloy Steel 12.9 | 0.50 | 0.90 | 1.20 | — | — | Cr-Mo-V |
| SS 304 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 18.0–20.0 | 8.0–10.5 | — | — |
| SS 316 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 16.0–18.0 | 10.0–14.0 | 2.0–3.0 | — |
| Duplex 2205 | 0.03 | 2.00 | 21.0–23.0 | 4.5–6.5 | 2.5–3.5 | N 0.14–0.20 |
| Super Duplex 2507 | 0.03 | 1.20 | 24.0–26.0 | 6.0–8.0 | 3.0–5.0 | N 0.24–0.32 |
| SS 410 | 0.15 | 1.00 | 11.5–13.5 | — | — | — |
| Monel 400 | 0.30 | 2.00 | — | 63.0–70.0 | — | Cu 28.0–34.0 |
| Inconel 625 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 20.0–23.0 | 58.0 min | 8.0–10.0 | Nb 3.15–4.15 |
Mechanical Properties of Fastener Materials
Compare the key mechanical properties of different fastener materials.
| Material | Yield Strength (MPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation % | Hardness |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon Steel 4.6 | 240 | 400 | 22 | 67–95 HRB |
| Carbon Steel 8.8 | 640 | 800 | 12 | 22–32 HRC |
| Alloy Steel 10.9 | 940 | 1040 | 9 | 33–39 HRC |
| Alloy Steel 12.9 | 1100 | 1220 | 8 | 39–44 HRC |
| SS 304 | 205 | 515 | 40 | 92 HRB |
| SS 316 | 205 | 515 | 40 | 95 HRB |
| SS 316L | 170 | 485 | 40 | 95 HRB |
| Duplex 2205 | 450 | 620 | 25 | 31 HRC |
| Super Duplex 2507 | 550 | 795 | 15 | 32 HRC |
| SS 410 (Ann.) | 207 | 480 | 20 | 96 HRB |
| Monel 400 | 240 | 480 | 35 | 65 HRB |
| Inconel 625 | 490 | 830 | 30 | 35 HRC |
Heat Treatment for Fastener Materials
Different fastener materials require specific heat treatment processes to achieve optimal mechanical properties.
Annealing (Solution Annealing)
1010°C – 1120°C | Water QuenchApplied to stainless steel fastener materials (304, 316) after cold working or welding. Dissolves carbide precipitates, restores corrosion resistance, and eliminates work-hardening. Standard requirement per ASTM A193.
Quenching
Oil / Water / Air QuenchUsed primarily for carbon steel and alloy steel fastener materials. Rapid cooling from austenitizing temperature transforms microstructure to martensite, significantly increasing hardness and tensile strength. Quench media selection depends on section thickness and grade.
Tempering
150°C – 650°C | Air CoolFollows quenching for carbon steel and alloy steel fastener materials to reduce brittleness while retaining hardness. Tempering at 150–260°C provides maximum hardness; tempering at 300–650°C improves toughness. Critical for achieving final mechanical properties.
Fastener Materials Manufacturing Process
Each fastener material is processed through a controlled sequence of operations to ensure dimensional accuracy and metallurgical integrity.
Material Selection
Selection of the right fastener material based on application requirements. Certified raw materials are sourced from approved mills with complete traceability.
Forging
Hot or cold forging of certified raw material. Closed-die forging for complex geometries. Ensures grain refinement and consistent mechanical properties throughout the cross-section for all fastener materials.
CNC Machining
High-precision CNC turning and milling for dimensional accuracy to ±0.01mm. Full dimensional verification per ASME B18 tolerances. Custom lengths and profiles available for all fastener materials.
Heat Treatment
Controlled heat treatment in atmosphere furnaces. Precise temperature and cycle time control based on fastener material grade. Full traceability of furnace records provided.
Surface Finishing
Surface treatment and coating based on fastener material type and application. Options include passivation, galvanizing, plating, and special coatings.
Surface Finishes for Fastener Materials
Available surface finishes for different fastener materials to enhance corrosion resistance and performance.
Black Oxide
Provides mild corrosion protection for indoor applications. Applied at 135–145°C. Cost-effective for non-critical environments. Typical film thickness: 1–3 µm for carbon steel fastener materials.
Zinc Plated (Electroplated)
Provides cathodic protection against corrosion. Applied 5–12 µm thickness. Available clear, yellow, or blue passivated. Complies with ASTM B633. Suitable for mild outdoor exposure for carbon steel fastener materials.
Hot Dip Galvanized (HDG)
Minimum 45–85 µm zinc coating per ASTM A153. Superior protection for outdoor/buried applications. Suitable for structural bolts and anchor bolts per ASTM F2329 for carbon steel fastener materials.
PTFE / Xylan Coated
Fluoropolymer coating provides anti-galling, low friction, and chemical resistance. Ideal for stainless-to-stainless joints. Applied 15–30 µm. Colors available. Reduces torque by 50% for stainless steel fastener materials.
Electro-Polished
Electrochemical process removes surface imperfections, improves Ra finish to <0.5 µm. Enhances corrosion resistance, cleanability, and aesthetics. Preferred for pharma and food-grade stainless steel fastener materials.
Mirror / Mechanical Polishing
Hand or machine polished to #4 (Brushed), #6, or #8 (Mirror) finishes per ASTM A480. Common for architectural and decorative applications. Ra value down to 0.1 µm for #8 finish on stainless steel fastener materials.
Inspection & Testing for Fastener Materials
Every batch of fastener materials undergoes multi-stage quality checks. Test certificates are provided as per EN 10204 2.1 / 3.1 / 3.2 as applicable.
PMI — Positive Material Identification
Portable XRF/OES analysis confirms fastener material composition matches certified grade. 100% PMI available on critical orders. Ensures no material mix-up across batches.
Hardness Testing
Rockwell (HRC/HRB), Brinell (HB), and Vickers (HV) hardness testing performed per ASTM E18, E10, E384. Compliance to max hardness limits per NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 for sour service fastener materials.
Tensile Testing
Universal Testing Machine (UTM) evaluates UTS, yield strength, and elongation per ASTM A370. Proof load testing per ISO 898-1 for high-strength fastener materials. Full stress-strain curve available.
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
Phased-array UT detects internal voids, laminations, and inclusions in large-diameter or safety-critical fastener materials. Performed per ASTM E317 / EN 10307 on customer request.
Dimensional Inspection
CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) and optical comparator verify all critical dimensions: diameter, pitch, thread profile, head height, and surface Ra. Thread gauges: Go/No-Go per ISO 1502 for all fastener materials.
Corrosion / Salt Spray Test
Neutral salt spray test per ASTM B117 / ISO 9227 confirms corrosion protection of coated fastener materials. Intergranular corrosion test per ASTM A262 Practices A/E for sensitization detection in stainless steel fastener materials.
Industries Using Different Fastener Materials
Selection of the right fastener material depends on the industry and application requirements.
Oil & Gas
Fastener materials for oil & gas: Alloy Steel B7, B7M, Stainless Steel B8M, Duplex 2205, Super Duplex 2507 for sour & H₂S environments. NACE MR0175 compliant fastener materials.
Marine & Offshore
Superior chloride resistance required. Preferred fastener materials: SS 316L, Super Duplex 2507. Excellent corrosion resistance for submerged and splash-zone applications.
Construction & Infrastructure
Common fastener materials: Carbon Steel 8.8, 10.9, Alloy Steel. Structural bolting, anchor systems, and façade cladding connections. Aesthetic polished finishes available.
Petrochemical & Chemical
Corrosion-resistant fastener materials: Stainless Steel 316, Duplex 2205, Super Duplex 2507. High temperature grades for operating temps up to 800°C.
Power Plants
High-strength fastener materials: Alloy Steel B7, B16, L7. Turbine casings, boiler drum studs, and heat exchanger bolting. Compliance with ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code.
Pharma & Food Processing
Preferred fastener materials: Stainless Steel 316L, electro-polished. FDA-compliant fastener materials for hygienic piping systems and processing equipment. Smooth surface finish prevents bacterial adhesion.
Export Data & Documentation for Fastener Materials
Complete documentation and traceability for all fastener materials exported globally.
Countries We Supply Fastener Materials To
Packaging for Fastener Materials
- Wooden pallets / export-grade crates for large bulk orders
- Polybag + carton box with individual part labelling
- Anti-corrosion VCI paper wrapping for stainless grades
- Fumigation certificates available for wooden packaging
- Marking: Part No., Grade, Lot No., Heat No., Weight
Export Documentation for Fastener Materials
Wide Range of Fastener Materials for Every Application
At HITECH Fastener, we manufacture high-performance fasteners and components across a comprehensive range of materials and alloys to meet your specific application requirements.
🔩 Stainless Steel Fasteners
- 302, 303, 304, 304L — Austenitic grades for general corrosion resistance
- 309, 310 — High-temperature resistant grades
- 316, 316L — Molybdenum-bearing grade for superior corrosion resistance
🔩 Aluminum Fasteners
- 2024 — High-strength structural alloy
- 6061 — Versatile, corrosion-resistant grade
- 7075 — Ultra-high strength aerospace grade
🔩 Copper, Brass & Bronze Fasteners
- Aluminum Bronze — High strength, corrosion-resistant
- Silicon Bronze 655 & 651 — Excellent corrosion resistance
- Phosphor Bronze — High fatigue resistance
- Brass & Naval Brass — Good corrosion resistance, decorative
🔩 Specialty Metals & Alloys
- Titanium — Lightweight, superior corrosion resistance
- Nitronic 50 & 60 — High-strength, corrosion-resistant
- Waspaloy & Zirconium — Extreme temperature applications
- Monel Nickel 200 — Excellent corrosion resistance
- Nickel Alloy C276, B, B3 & G-3 — Superior corrosion resistance
🔩 Inconel Alloys
- 600, 601 — High-temperature oxidation resistance
- 625, 718 — High strength, excellent corrosion resistance
- 800, 800H, 825, 925 — High-temperature applications
- X750 — Precipitation-hardenable, high strength
🔩 Hastelloy & Monel Alloys
- Hastelloy C-276, B, C-4, G, C-2000, X, C-22 — Exceptional corrosion resistance
- Monel 400, 405, K500, 200 — High-strength nickel-copper alloys
Contact us today to discuss your specific fastener material requirements and custom orders!
Technical Comparison of Fastener Materials
Compare the key properties of different fastener materials side by side.
Fastener Materials Comparison Table
| Property | Carbon Steel | Alloy Steel | SS 304 | SS 316 | Duplex 2205 | Super Duplex 2507 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tensile Strength | 400–800 MPa | 800–1220 MPa | 515 MPa | 515 MPa | 620 MPa | 795 MPa |
| Yield Strength | 240–640 MPa | 640–1100 MPa | 205 MPa | 205 MPa | 450 MPa | 550 MPa |
| Corrosion Resistance | Moderate | Good (coated) | Good | Very Good | Excellent | Superior |
| Magnetic | Yes | Yes | No | No | Slightly | Slightly |
| Max Temp (Cont.) | 350°C | 450°C | 870°C | 870°C | 300°C | 280°C |
| Relative Cost | Low | Medium | Medium | Medium-High | High | Very High |
Corrosion Resistance of Fastener Materials (PREN Values)
PREN = %Cr + 3.3×%Mo + 16×%N — Higher value = Better pitting resistance for fastener materials
Torque Chart for Fastener Materials
Recommended tightening torque values for different fastener materials. Values assume clean, dry threads with no lubrication (K ≈ 0.20).
| Bolt Size | Pitch (mm) | Carbon Steel Torque (Nm) | SS 304 Torque (Nm) | SS 316 Torque (Nm) | Alloy Steel Torque (Nm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M6 | 1.0 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 6.5 |
| M8 | 1.25 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
| M10 | 1.5 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 32 |
| M12 | 1.75 | 42 | 45 | 48 | 55 |
| M16 | 2.0 | 102 | 110 | 117 | 135 |
| M20 | 2.5 | 198 | 215 | 228 | 265 |
| M24 | 3.0 | 345 | 370 | 392 | 455 |
| M30 | 3.5 | 680 | 730 | 775 | 900 |
Preload Calculation for Fastener Materials
Understanding preload is critical for safe, reliable bolted joint design. Use these formulas for different fastener materials.
Variable Definitions for Fastener Materials
Design Tip: For critical joints (pressure vessels, flanges, subsea), preload scatter can be ±25–30% with standard torque tools. Consider using hydraulic bolt tensioners or direct tension indicators (DTIs) for tighter preload control in ASME PCC-1 applications with all fastener materials.
Need Help Selecting the Right Fastener Materials?
Our technical team can help you select the optimal fastener materials for your application. Send us your requirements for expert guidance and a free quote.